کتاب ACT متمرکز بر تروما

تروما (Trauma)، (τραῦμα) معنی زخم دارد. تروما در چهار موقعیت تعریف دارد:

• در دانش پزشکی به معنی زخم است؛ اما با عامل بیرونی، و مثلاً زخم معده را شامل نیست. عامل زخم ممکن است تیغ بیابان باشد یا تیغ جراح. ممکن است همراه با شکستگی استخوان، کنده شدن پوست و گوشت نیز باشد، اما در عرض چند هفته ترمیم می شود.
• در اورژانس، غالباً مراد از آن ترومای حاد است.
• در ادبیات، یک تجربه ناخوشایند و ناراحت‌کننده که برای مدت طولانی شخص را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد، مانند طلاق.
• در روان‌شناسی، یک حالت روانی شوک شدید ناشی از یک ضربه روانی بسیار ترسناک یا ناخوشایند که منتهی به اختلال اضطراب پس از سانحه می‌شود.

The ACT (originally an abbreviation of American College Testing) is a standardized test used for college admissions in the United States. It is administered by ACT, Inc., a for-profit organization of the same name. The ACT test covers three academic skill areas: English, mathematics, and reading. It also offers optional scientific reasoning and direct writing tests. It is accepted by many four-year colleges and universities in the United States as well as more than 225 universities outside of the U.S.

The multiple-choice test sections of the ACT (all except the optional writing test) are individually scored on a scale of 1–36. In addition, a composite score consisting of the rounded whole number average of the scores for English, reading, and math is provided.

The ACT was first introduced in November 1959 by University of Iowa professor Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). The ACT originally consisted of four tests: English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Natural Sciences. In 1989, however, the Social Studies test was changed into a Reading section (which included a social sciences subsection), and the Natural Sciences test was renamed the Science Reasoning test, with more emphasis on problem-solving skills as opposed to memorizing scientific facts. In February 2005, an optional Writing Test was added to the ACT. By the fall of 2017, computer-based ACT tests were available for school-day testing in limited school districts of the US, with greater availability expected in fall of 2018. In July 2024, the ACT announced that the test duration was shortened; the science section, like the writing one, would become optional; and online testing would be rolled out nationally in spring 2025 and for school-day testing in spring 2026.

The ACT has seen a gradual increase in the number of test takers since its inception, and in 2012 the ACT surpassed the SAT for the first time in total test takers; that year, 1,666,017 students took the ACT and 1,664,479 students took the SAT.